PA THE BOY IN THE BOX: WM, 4-6, found in Philadelphia, PA - 25 February 1957 *JOSEPH ZARELLI*

America's Unknown Child

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The Philadelphia Police Department and the Vidocq Society assured M that her identity would not be released. At one point, a representative of the Police Dept. did reveal her identity to the media, in error. There are many in the Philadelphia suburbs who are quietly aware of the identities because of familiarity. David Stout and Jim Hoffmann have written books about the Boy in the Box. When information about the case and photographs were shared with the authors, names and identities were not revealed. Names were redacted. This case remains an open investigation. For sixty-one years, the Philadelphia Police Department and the Vidocq Society have not publicly released personal information.
 
To summarize, one key lead which was a “runaround” and became a dead end was based upon the fact that I believed “M”’ s last name was Fox. For whatever reason, that surname was what I recalled when examining photographs of her family which were tucked away in one of the evidence boxes sent to me from Tom Augustine in November 2006. Apparently that was incorrect. I shared this with Joe McGillen about one year ago and he confirmed that I was wrong and he would not divulge the real name because of the promise he, Kelly, and Augustine made to “M” back in May of 2002 (when they met her in Cincinnati) . . . that her name would remain secret from the public.


Hoffmann, Jim. The Boy in the Box: America's Unknown Child (3rd Edition): My Obsession with America's Greatest Crime (p. 176). Susquehanna Road Publishing. Kindle Edition.
 
https://www.myfamilydnatest.com/ydna-mtdna-autosomal-dna-comparison/


What’s The Difference? Y-DNA vs. mtDNA vs. Autosomal DNA Explained

There are 3 basic types of DNA tested by ancestry DNA tests today:

paternal DNA (Y-DNA)
maternal DNA (mtDNA) and,
autosomal DNA (atDNA)
The right DNA test for you depends on the kind of information you want to glean from your test.


Y-DNA: paternal lineage

This is the test you go for if you want to research your father’s side of the family. Since only males have the Y-chromosome which is passed on almost unchanged from father to son, you can trace a direct line between male members on your paternal side.

The Y-DNA test can only be taken by males. Women who want to trace their paternal side have to ask their brother, father, paternal uncle, paternal grandfather or paternal cousin to take the test for them.

With a Y-DNA test, it’s possible to go thousands of years back through your ancestry timeline. However it’s much more challenging to pin the exact genealogical period of a certain ancestor. You can only estimate how many many generations back they lived.

What Y-DNA tests do is compare STR Markers (short tandem repeat) for two different males.

The difference between their markers is used to determine how close they are in terms of relationship and generation.

<snip>

mtDNA: maternal lineage


Mitochondria are small internal cellular structures that serve as the body’s energy factories, and they have their own DNA called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA.

Only mothers can pass mtDNA to her children. mtDNA in sperm is destroyed either in the male genital tract or by the fertilized egg. As a result, only female mtDNA survives inheritance.

This means that by testing mtDNA in one female and comparing it to that of another female, one can determine how they are related, which is why mtDNA is used to trace your mother’s side of the family.

Because a mother passes mtDNA to both male and female children, both men and women can get value from this test.

By comparing your mtDNA to that of other people, you have a chance of finding a relative from your maternal side.

As with Y-DNA, mtDNA has several limitations. The biggest one is the limited set of ancestors it can trace. You can only trace someone with a direct maternal line to your mother. So it’ll go from your mother to your mom’s mom to her mom’s mom and so on.

mtDNA ignores many ancestors on the paternal side of your mother’s lineage, as well. This can seriously limit your ancestry search and sometimes lead to unexpected results.

<snip>

Autosomal DNA (atDNA): long-term ancestry and recent lineage

An autosome refers to the remaining 22 numbered chromosomes except for your 23rd, sex chromosome (X-Y).

Unlike Y-DNA and mtDNA, autosomal DNA is inherited from both parents. So you can use it to trace either side of your family.

Everyone can get value from an autosomal DNA test.

The major DNA testing providers rely mostly on autosomal DNA testing.

But the timescale is limited with this test – you can use this test to find relatives up to the second cousin level. Beyond that, you’ll need to use a family tree or other types of DNA testing to identify additional relatives and shared ancestors.

Most DNA test providers provide family finder tools you can use to dig up more information that can help you fill the gaps.

Autosomal DNA testing also tells you a lot about your long-term DNA ancestry (haplogroup) composition as well as the location and migration patterns of your ancestors.

But it cannot tell you which side of your family those long-term ancestors came from. For that, you’ll have to get other family members tested, create a family tree and use additional details such as surnames.
 
In preparation for finishing this 3rd edition of my book, I needed to check a statement in the Wikipedia page, “Boy in the Box (Philadelphia).” When I perused the “Other Theories” section – I was stunned! According to the page, the DNA which Rutledge, Romano and I had so arduously pursued was not a match “that the Memphis man and the Fox Chase boy found in the box were not related.” (Wikipedia) According to the update in the article, this “conclusion” was based upon the Philadelphia Police Department’s own DNA sample procured from the Memphis man with the help of the Memphis Police Department. Findings were “confirmed” in October of 2017 by the PPD.

Hoffmann, Jim. The Boy in the Box: America's Unknown Child (3rd Edition): My Obsession with America's Greatest Crime (pp. 181-182). Susquehanna Road Publishing. Kindle Edition.
 
Not trying to put words into Sgt. Robert Kuhlmeier’s mouth, but he told me several times when discussing the Memphis Man Lead that the Philadelphia PD had a contract with a lab in Texas to “test the sample.”

Hoffmann, Jim. The Boy in the Box: America's Unknown Child (3rd Edition): My Obsession with America's Greatest Crime (p. 188). Susquehanna Road Publishing. Kindle Edition.


I spoke to an official at Cellmark Labs in Dallas

Hoffmann, Jim. The Boy in the Box: America's Unknown Child (3rd Edition): My Obsession with America's Greatest Crime (p. 188). Susquehanna Road Publishing. Kindle Edition.
 
http://americasunknownchild.net/summary.htm

Evidence Obtained From The Victim's Body (1998):

DNA technology did not exist in 1957. Forty-one years later, after the long-dormant case was reactivated, the boy's remains were exhumed for the purpose of obtaining tissue samples for DNA analysis. Investigators hoped to compare the boy's nuclear DNA profile against the DNA profiles of current and future suspects & claimants. Unfortunately, by that time, the remains were far too degraded to permit extraction of viable nuclear DNA. However, after several failed attempts, tissue samples were sent to an independent DNA laboratory, which successfully extracted mitochondrial DNA from the boy's teeth. Although a mitochondrial DNA profile is a less useful forensic tool than a nuclear DNA profile in certain respects, it can never-the-less be used to confirm or rule out a genetic relationship through maternal lineage. The victim's mitochondrial DNA profile has already been used to rule out the possibility that he was Steven Damman, a missing New York boy who was kidnapped in 1955.
 
http://untchi.org/

UNT Center for Human Identification

With funding support from the State of Texas and various Federal Government agencies, UNTCHI continues to support forensic DNA testing.

To date, UNTCHI has processed the majority of missing person samples for the United States that reside within CODIS. UNTCHI also has been instrumental in decreasing sexual assault and criminal casework backlogs within Texas. In addition to forensic and missing person DNA services, UNTCHI provides anthropological examinations of skeletal remains to determine gender, ancestry, age, stature, possible signs of trauma and if the remains are of forensic significance. Since 2011, UNTCHI has managed the NamUs program which consists of a central on-line repository of information related to missing and unidentified decedent cases that serves law enforcement, medical examiners, coroners, and the general public. Regional Service Administrators located throughout the US work closely with agencies and families with missing loved ones in an effort to exchange information and potentially resolve missing persons cases.


http://untfsu.com/DNAInstructions.html

Missing and Unidentified Person Program Overview

The University of North Texas Center for Human Identification (UNTCHI) is an accredited forensic laboratory located in Fort Worth, Texas. Using grant funding from the National Institute of Justice, UNTCHI provides the following services related to missing and unidentified person investigations:
Autosomal STR testing
Y STR (Y chromosome) testing
Mitochondrial DNA testing
All DNA profiles for missing and unidentified persons are uploaded to the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) for searching and comparison.


http://americasunknownchild.net/summary.htm

Florida Claimants: In early 2004, Detective Tom Augustine was contacted by people in Florida who claimed that their mother was the unknown boy's birth parent. They submitted DNA samples for testing at their own expense. The DNA samples were analyzed, but they didn't match. When Detective Augustine informed them of this, the people in Florida insisted that the DNA lab must have made a mistake because they were absolutely certain that their mother was the boy's birth parent! Subsequently, they submitted a sample of their mother's DNA for analysis, again at their own expense. The mother's DNA sample also failed to match the unknown boy's DNA profile.

http://americasunknownchild.net/recent.htm

February 2000: The crime lab was unsuccessful in its attempt to obtain a valid DNA sample from the core of one of the unknown boy's teeth. The investigators may send the tooth to an independent state-of-the-art DNA testing laboratory for further study, including mitochondrial DNA analysis.

http://americasunknownchild.net/recent.htm

April 2001: The investigators revealed an important breakthrough in the case: Last fall, an independent laboratory finally obtained a mitochondrial DNA profile from the unknown boy's teeth. (Previous attempts to obtain a valid DNA profile had failed due to the badly deteriorated condition of the boy's remains.) The investigators plan to compare the boy's DNA profile against tissue samples they hope to obtain from individuals who either claim to be, or who are suspected of being related to the unknown boy. Such tests should confirm or, alternatively, rule-out any alleged relationship. Additional details about this dramatic new development were not revealed. Of course, we will be following this story closely, and will promptly report any new information that is disclosed to us.

http://americasunknownchild.net/recent.htm

October 2003: After a long delay, the investigators were finally granted permission to examine the basement of the Lower Merion home where the unknown boy allegedly resided. Unfortunately, no trace evidence of the boy was found.

Analysis of a DNA sample submitted by Steven Damman's sister proved conclusively that Steven was not the unknown boy discovered in Philadelphia in 1957.


http://americasunknownchild.net/recent.htm

November 2005: Although infrequent "tips" and potential "leads" are still received by the investigators, none of them have proven to be of any value in helping to solve the case. No further progress has been made during the past year. However, the investigators have begun a new initiative. They are trying to determine if the DNA profile of America's Unknown Child matches any of the DNA profiles in a national mitochondrial DNA database.

Hoffmann, Jim. The Boy in the Box: America's Unknown Child (3rd Edition): My Obsession with America's Greatest Crime (p. 188). Susquehanna Road Publishing. Kindle Edition.

Not trying to put words into Sgt. Robert Kuhlmeier’s mouth, but he told me several times when discussing the Memphis Man Lead that the Philadelphia PD had a contract with a lab in Texas to “test the sample.”
 
All is not lost with DNA from the Boy in the Box. Jim Hoffman released the newest edition of his book in February. According to this author, there are plans for UNTHI to retest the boy's remains in an attempt to get a full DNA sample.


I just got off the phone with Sgt. K and he says that Univ. of North Texas has the sample and will take the original material from the BITB and retest it to get a COMPLETE DNA profile.

Hoffmann, Jim. The Boy in the Box: America's Unknown Child (3rd Edition): My Obsession with America's Greatest Crime (p. 163). Susquehanna Road Publishing. Kindle Edition.


I asked him [Sgt. Kuhlmeier] if they (Univ. of North Texas) are going to reexamine the boy’s original sample to which he said, “Yes, we’re in negotiations for them to do so….”

Hoffmann, Jim. The Boy in the Box: America's Unknown Child (3rd Edition): My Obsession with America's Greatest Crime (p. 164). Susquehanna Road Publishing. Kindle Edition.
 
http://americasunknownchild.net/Archives1Text.html#CSIBM

Philadelphia Inquirer: 02/28/57
Couple Sought in Boy's Murder
Pair Seen Unloading Car Trunk


A woman and her young male companion who "unloaded something" from an automobile near the Fox Chase thicket where a small boy's nude and beaten body was found Tuesday became prime objectives of a police search last night.
Lt. William Lovejoy, of the Northeast detective division, said investigators had their "hottest tip so far" on the murder in an account by a passing motorist who saw the pair between 5 and 5:30 P.M. Sunday, some 40 hours before the nameless boy's body was found.
This latest clue was disclosed as police continued to concentrate on a theory - not necessarily unrelated - that the slain child may have been carried off from an orphanage or other private institution. It also followed close on the collapse of a short-lived report that he might be Steven Damman, an airman's son kidnapped 16 months ago outside a supermarket on Long Island when he was four.

WITNESS NOT IDENTIFIED
Lt. Lovejoy and other police investigators declined to identify the witness who saw the pair unloading the car in Fox Chase, but Lovejoy said his description of them and their car was "admirably complete" and might prove a valuable lead toward solution of the crime.
Both the woman and the boy seemed to be trying to conceal the license plate of the car from him when he drove slowly past, the witness told Lovejoy.
He said he was driving along Verree rd. when he spotted the car 100 feet west on Susquehanna rd. - the street on which the boy's body was found at 10:20 A.M. Tuesday, two mornings later.

'GROPING' IN TRUNK
Thinking the occupants were having tire trouble, he slowed down, but the woman - who he said was "groping" in the car's trunk - and the boy turned their backs on him and stood in positions to hide the license number. He drove on after noting that none of the black-walled tires was deflated.
The spot he described is nearly 200 feet from where the boy's body was found, but is almost exactly at the place where a pile of clothing - a woman's and a child's - was found in the weeds by the first investigators at the death scene.
The woman, the witness said, was between 40 and 50, of medium height and heavyset, wearing a checked winter cloth coat. Her boy companion appeared to be between 12 and 14, and was of about the same height as the woman.
Meanwhile, a more thorough examination and a day-long exchange of information with police authorities in Nassau county on Long Island had demonstrated conclusively that the boy whose battered body, wrapped in a blanket, was found in a cardboard box on the Fox Chase lot, could not be the missing Steven Damman.

AUTOPSY CITED
The Damman boy was three years old when he disappeared from in front of an East Meadow, N.Y., supermarket while his mother was buying bread. His father, Gerry, was an airman stationed at Mitchel Air Force Base. He has since been discharged and now lives with his wife and daughter in Newton, Iowa.
First belief that the boy found slain here, whom an autopsy found to be between 4 and 6, might be Steven was based on age and superficial resemblances in physical characteristics.
But footprints of the dead boy were compared with those taken at birth of the Damman child and they were found dissimilar. The body of the unknown boy was removed to Philadelphia General Hospital yesterday for X-rays to determine whether he had ever suffered a broken left wrist, as the other child had. There was no sign of a fracture.
To clinch the matter, the autopsy Tuesday by Chief Medical Examiner Dr. Joseph W. Spelman had shown that the dead boy had normal kidneys. The Damman boy, his parents said, had been under treatment for a kidney growth at the time of his kidnapping.
Forging ahead on all possible leads, authorities involved in the investigation held an hour-long conference late yesterday in the office of Chief Detective Inspector John J. Kelly at City Hall.

BLANKET A CLUE
Their conclusion appeared to be that the most promising line of investigation pointed toward the boy's having been an inmate of an institution - possibly a refuge for mentally retarded youngsters.
Present at the discussion with Kelly were, Homicide Squad Capt. David H. Roberts; Lt. Lovejoy, a former homicide investigator; State Police Lt. George Sauers, liaison man between State and city police; and Welfare Commissioner Randolph E. Wise.
Kelly announced at the end of the conference that they had agreed the blanket in which the body was wrapped was their "most significant piece" of evidence, followed closely by the corrugated cardboard box in which it lay.

STRIP TORN OFF
The blanket, approximately 5 by 6 feet when whole, had been torn or cut in half. It was of cot size such as might be used in an institution, with a reddish brown overpattern of plaid and something resembling a Navajo Indian design. It was faded and had recently been laundered.
A strip about two feet wide had been cut from one side of one of the halves, giving rise to conjecture that part of the blanket may have carried the identifying mark of an institution.
This cut section was turned over to detectives shortly after the conference, and they began a check of children's institutions, both public and private, to find out whether it was recognized.
Every institution in Philadelphia and surrounding communities will be questioned about the blanket, Commissioner Wise said.

TO CHECK HOMES
Wise also announced he would ask for a "census" of all institutions over a wide radius to determine whether any children are missing, and will himself make a direct check on foster homes where some 500 mentally retarded children under court custody are being cared for.
Inspector Kelly would not expand on his reasons for considering the cardboard box a "significant" clue. It already had been determined that the box, the markings on which showed it had been used to ship a piece of furniture, came originally from a store in Upper Darby.
Kelly already had indicated that the slain boy's crude crew haircut, evidently given him only a short time before his death, might provide a clue to his identity. Detectives had described it as of "the home-administered or institutional" variety.
Heightening the belief of investigators that the child was not missing from a normal home was the fact that not a single inquiry had come from anywhere in the country about him yesterday, though the account of his death and description of him had circulated nationwide.
Joseph Komarnicki, civilian supervisor of the police Missing Persons Bureau, said he had received no inquiries. He said pictures of the slain boy were being prepared for use on television stations over a wide area on the chance that viewers might recognize the boy.
He was checking hundreds of police teletype messages yesterday to see whether anything that might give a clue had been carried on the wires in the last several weeks.
State Police Lt. Sauers was called into yesterday's conference to recruit the aid of his organization throughout the State in making a checkup of institutions similar to that being conducted in the Philadelphia area and to extend the search to neighboring States.
 
There is a problem, though, beyond the DNA analysis. It is my understanding that the DNA work has been completed. The problem has to do with a confidentiality agreement between the Philadelphia Police Dept., Vidoq, and M. During the third week in September, I was asked through a third party if I would speak with Barbara Rae-Venter and provide family information about M and her uncle. As much as I wanted to cooperate, I absolutely declined. I have complete respect for the Vidoq Society and the PPD, and I am cooperating with them. The Philadelphia Police Department made a confidentiality agreement with M many years ago. In return for information about her family and about M's mother as a suspected murderer of the boy, the PPD agreed to maintain confidentiality regarding M and her family. M gave them the information she had and the PPD agreed to protect her from the public. For 61 years, that agreement has not been violated. If M's uncle or family has any genetic connection to the boy, that connection can't be released to the public through any connection to the Philadelphia Police Dept. Out of respect for M and the PPD, I won't release the names, either. M needs to be the person who releases the information if there is any genetic connection between the boy and her family. The lab is already comparing random possible DNA matches, but nothing can be directed toward a connection to M's family. When the authors of the books about the boy were given information from the PPD, the names of M and her family were blacked out by Vidoq. They take the confidentiality agreement seriously. My feeling is that the longer these new DNA searches take, the more likely there is probably a genetic connection to M that can't be released. M and her family are off limits.


Joe McGillen would not divulge the real name because of the promise he, Kelly, and Augustine made to “M” back in May of 2002 (when they met her in Cincinnati) . . . that her name would remain secret from the public.

Hoffmann, Jim. The Boy in the Box: America's Unknown Child (3rd Edition): My Obsession with America's Greatest Crime (p. 176). Susquehanna Road Publishing. Kindle Edition.
 
I know they have looked at other possible DNA matches and I know they have tested DNA for possible suspects who weren't part of M's family. I do believe they are looking for all possible DNA matches. It is my understanding that the boy's DNA profile is in CODIS.

I don't know what the exact terms of the confidentiality agreement were. I do know that names were withheld from both authors, Jim Hoffmann and David Stout.

I do understand that people are frustrated because information has been withheld about M and her family. I also feel the frustration. We do need to remember that if the boy was murdered by M's mother, everyone involved in his abuse and murder was already deceased by the time M came forward. Maybe this is why she is the focus of so much attention. There is nobody left to receive the wrath. We need to remember that she is also a victim of horrible abuse. When the parents of the little boy are eventually identified, there will be no real justice because the perpetrators who sold a disabled child to pedophiles will likely be six feet under. The primary villains in this case are M's mother and her "evil friends".

It's also important to remember that M reported being sexually abused by the same people who abused the little boy. They were a group of sick pedophiles and her own mother. M was as much a victim as the boy was. The difference is that she lived to tell her story.

I remain extremely concerned that there were additional children who were victims of this pedophile group. I can't accept that this group of animals only had two victims - M and a little boy.
 
There is also a consideration that we need to remember. M's mother did not abuse Jonathan alone. She was an enthusiastic member of a dangerous pedophile group. M was reportedly frightened by the members of this group. She was fearful of retaliation. The Philadelphia Police Force and the Vidocq Society are also protecting M's personal safety with their agreement of silence. Their protection goes much deeper than just an attempt to save M's professional reputation as a PhD and Vice President of a pharmaceutical company. I, personally, have no doubt that M identified the pedophile group to the PPD. With M's mother dead, however, it would have been very difficult to charge this group with much of anything that would stand up in court.


She was a successful business woman now and “she felt there might be reprisals from her mother’s evil circle of friends,” McGillen told me. As a result, Augustine had to be careful with what he said.

Hoffmann, Jim. The Boy in the Box: America's Unknown Child (3rd Edition): My Obsession with America's Greatest Crime (p. 61). Susquehanna Road Publishing. Kindle Edition.


Perhaps most shocking was “M”’ s assertion that her mother severely abused her and the boy physically, as well as sexually. “M” claims the boy was purchased essentially to participate in lewd acts with her mother, a public school librarian, and her mother’s “evil circle of friends.” (McGillen 2006) The two children were malnourished. The boy, according to “M”, “never spoke a word . . . [and] might have had cerebral palsy.” (Erdely 2003)

Hoffmann, Jim. The Boy in the Box: America's Unknown Child (3rd Edition): My Obsession with America's Greatest Crime (p. 63). Susquehanna Road Publishing. Kindle Edition.


It’s interesting to note that “M” feared her parents as much as her mother’s “evil circle of friends” (“ M”’ s words). That phrase is very interesting; a bit cryptic. What “M” really meant to say is that she was afraid of her mother’s pedophile group.

Hoffmann, Jim. The Boy in the Box: America's Unknown Child (3rd Edition): My Obsession with America's Greatest Crime (p. 186). Susquehanna Road Publishing. Kindle Edition.


“M” has said over and over that her “mother’s evil circle of friends” scared her and made her cautious about coming forward in the first place.

Hoffmann, Jim. The Boy in the Box: America's Unknown Child (3rd Edition): My Obsession with America's Greatest Crime (p. 188). Susquehanna Road Publishing. Kindle Edition.
 

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